Atlas of European history

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For other maps of Europe: Atlas of Europe.

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The introductions of the country, dependency and region entries are in the native languages and in English. The other introductions are in English.

Atlas of European history

	Europe
English	Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. Physically and geologically, Europe is the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, west of Asia. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and to the southeast by the waterways adjoining the Mediterranean to and including the Black Sea and the Caucasus Mountains. On the east, Europe is divided from Asia by the water divide of the Ural Mountains and by the Caspian Sea. Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering about 10,400,000 square kilometres (4,010,000 sq mi) or 2.0% of the Earth's surface. The only continent smaller than Europe is Australia. In terms of population, it is the third-largest continent (after Asia and Africa) with a population of some 710,000,000 or about 11% of the world's population. However, the term continent can refer to a cultural and political distinction or a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europe's precise borders, area, and population.
Population	710,000,000 inhabitants
Area	10,400,000 km²
Major language(s)
Major religion(s)
More information	Europe, Geography of Europe, History of Europe and Politics of Europe
More images	Europe - Europe (Category).

History maps

This section holds a short summary of the history of the area of present-day Europe, illustrated with maps, including historical maps of former countries and empires that included present-day Europe.

ancient Pre-Neanderthals (Homo heidelbergensis): Corbières (~ 600 000 BC), Tautavel Man (~ 400 000 BC), Petralona
recent Pre-Neanderthals (as early as 350 000 BC - 250 000 BC), the Mediteranean Sea was dryed: Swanscombe, Steinheim, Atapuerca
early Neanderthals (250 000 BC - 100 000 BC): Biache-Saint-Vaast, Chaise, Montmaurin, Saccopastore, Krapina

classic Neanderthals, 100 000 BC - 33 000 to 24 000 BC

Palaeolithic art, as early as 40 000 BC to 10 000 BC

Neolithicum in Europe 5th millennium BCE

Cardium Pottery, 5000 BC

Europe in the Middle Neolithic, ca. 4500 BC-4000 BC

Europe in the Late Neolithic, ca. 4000 BC-3500 BC

Simple map of the major late 4th millennium BC "Old European" cultures. Green is the Funnelbeaker culture (TRB). Blue is the Linear Ceramic culture (LBK). Orange is the Lengyel culture, purple the Vincha culture, red the Cucuteni culture and yellow the western part of the Yamna culture

Corded Ware culture and neighbourhood (Yamna culture, Baden culture), ca. 3200 BC/2900 BC to ca. 2300 BC/1800 BC

Centers of the Beaker culture (ca. 2800 BC – 1900 BC)

Extent of the Beaker culture (ca. 2800 BC – 1900 BC)

A simplified map, ca. 1200 BC, showing the central Urnfield culture (red), the northern Urnfield culture (orange), the Knoviz culture (blue-gray), the Lusatian culture (purple), the Danubian culture (brown), the Terramare culture (blue), the West European Bronze Age (green) and the Nordic Bronze Age (yellow).

Celts in Europe. This is a rough estimate from several sources. Blue: extent of Celtic influence 1500 BCE - 1000 BCE. Purple: extent of Celtic influence 400 BCE

La Tène Culture area, Celts' urheimat, V century BC

Celts spread in III century BC, according to Francisco Villar's Los Indoeuropeos y los origenes de Europa, Italian version, p. 446

Celts in Europe 800 - 400 BC. The green area suggests a possible extent of (proto-)Celtic influence around 1000 BC

Celts in Europe

Celts in Europe

Celts: Hallstatt (yellow) and La Tène (green) cultures

Germanic tribes (750 BCE-1)

West Mediterranean Areas 509 BCE

West Mediterranean Areas 348 BCE

West Mediterranean Areas 306 BCE

West Mediterranean Areas 279 BCE

Europe in 220 BCE

Territorial development of the Roman Empire 264 BC-192

The Roman Republic and Carthago in 218, just prior to the Second Punic War

The migrations of the Cimbri and the Teutons

Roman Republic 100 BCE

Map of the Roman Empire in 50

The extent of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire;

133 BC

44 BC (late Republic, after conquests by republican generals)

AD 14 (death of Augustus)

117 (maximum extension)

Map of the Roman republic, with provinces

Map of the Roman Empire in 116

Roman Empire in 117

The division of the Empire after the death of Theodosius I, ca.395 AD superimposed on modern borders.

Western Roman Empire

Eastern Roman Empire

Western Roman Empire 395

Invasions of the Roman Empire 100-500

Division of the Roman Empire in 406

Europe in 60

Europe in 395

The Germanic migrations of the fifth century were triggered by the destruction of the Gothic kingdoms by the Huns in 372-375. The city of Rome was captured and looted by the Visigoths in 410 and by the Vandals in 455.

Europe in 400

Europe in 450

The Huns Empire. By the end of 454, it will have collapsed.

Vandals in 455

Europe in 476

Europe in 526

Europe in 526-600

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Austrasia and Neustria

The Frankish Empire

The Mediterranean in 800

Until his death in 814, Charlemagne ruled an empire which included modern Catalonia, France, western Germany, the Low Countries, and northern Italy.

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Final division of the Frankish Empire in the Treaty of Verdun

Divisions after 843

Europe in 843-870

Divisions in 870

Under Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, the Holy Roman Empire included Germany, northern Italy, Austria, and the Netherlands

Voyages of the Vikings

Map showing Scandinavian settlement in the eighth (dark red), ninth (red), tenth (orange) and eleventh (yellow) centuries. Areas denoted in green are those affected by frequent viking incursions but with little or no Scandinavian settlement.

Europe in 998

Europe in 998

Europe in 1000

Kingdom of Ivar Vidfamne

Empire of Cnut 1014-1035

Europe in 1092

Europe in 1097

Crusades around 1097

Norman possessions in the 12th century

Europe in 1142

Europe 1190

Eurasia in 1200

Europe in 1328

Black Death 1347-1351

Europe in 1360

the Great schism 1378-1417

Europe in the 15th century

Europe in 1400

Europe in 1430

Europe in 1470

Europe in 1477

Europe in 1490

Europe in 1519

Habsburg dominions 1547

Empire of Charles V:

Castile

Aragon

Burgundy

Habsburg

The (Habsburg) Empire of Charles I/V

Europe in 1550

European religions in 1560

Habsburg Empire in 1547

Area ruled by the Habsburg king around 1580 on a map showing modern-day state borders

Thirty Years War map

Europe in 1648

Europe in 1700

Europe in 1740

The French Empire in 1811

The French Empire and satellite states

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Europe in 1812

Europe in 1812

Europe in 1815

Europe in 1815

Europe in 1890

Europe in 1911

Europe in 1914

Europe in 1914-24

Europe in 1929-1939

Europe 1935-1939

Second world war europe animation large de.gif

Animated map World War II in Europe

Europe 1939

Europe 1940

Europe 1941

Europe 1941-1942

europe 1943-1945

World War II in Europe 1939-1945

Western front 1940 I

Western Front 1940 II

Western front 1940 III

Europe in 1941/42

Eastern Front 1941-I

Eastern Front 1941-II

Eastern Front 1942

Eastern Front 1943 I

Eastern Front 1943 II

Eastern Front 1944

Eastern Front 1945

Divided Europe 1945-1990

Cold War economic alliances

Cold War military alliances

NATO versus Warsaw Pact 1949-1960

Marshall Plan

Europe in 1993-2006

·

Europe in 2006 to date

Historical maps of the Balkans

Roman Provinces in the Balkan

Balkan 1340

Balkan 1518

North Turkey in Europe 1726

Balkan 1801

Map of the Austrian Military Frontier (in German)

Balkan 1849

Ethnographic map of European Turkey and the vassal states (1861)

Balkan 1912

Balkans in 1913

Balkan belligerants 1914

Former Yugoslavia wartime (1990-)

Western Balkan until 2006

Historical maps of the Caucasus

Caucasus 1729

Caucasus 1842

Caucasus History Map

Caucasus

Ethnic map of the Caucasus

Historical maps of the Iberian Peninsula

Pre-Roman tribes in western Iberia

Celts in Iberia (200 BC)

Ethnographic Iberia 200 BCE

Prehispanic languages and tribes

Prehispanic languages

Paleohispanic writing systems excluding proper Lusitanian

Hispania under the Roman republic

Lusitania in the Roman Empire (116)

Astur-Cantabrian war

Hispania under Octavio César Augusto (29-19 a. J. C.), after the Cantabrians Wars

Hispania under Dioclecian, 293 AC

Roman provinces in Iberia

Roman province of Lusitania

Roman Lusitania

Iberian Peninsula Around 476 AC

Iberian Peninsula Around 560 AC

Iberian Peninsula Around 560 AC

Iberian Peninsula in 565

Iberian Peninsula Around 586 AC

Visigoths migrations

Kingdom of the Visigoths

Visigoths and Sueves

Kingdom of Suvean Galicia

Iberian Peninsula in 700

Conquest by the Caliphs

Empire of the Almoravides (in English)

Emirate of Cordoba

Iberia in 1031

Iberia in 1031

Taifas in 1080

Reconquista

Reconquista

Conquest of Andalus

Notes and references

General remarks:

The WIKIMEDIA COMMONS Atlas of the World is an organized and commented collection of geographical, political and historical maps available at Wikimedia Commons. The main page is therefore the portal to maps and cartography on Wikimedia. That page contains links to entries by country, continent and by topic as well as general notes and references.
Every entry has an introduction section in English. If other languages are native and/or official in an entity, introductions in other languages are added in separate sections. The text of the introduction(s) is based on the content of the Wikipedia encyclopedia. For sources of the introduction see therefore the Wikipedia entries linked to. The same goes for the texts in the history sections.
Historical maps are included in the continent, country and dependency entries.
For Burma, see Myanmar; Great Britain and Northern Ireland, see United Kingdom; Ivory Coast, see Côte d'Ivoire; Pridnestrovie, see Transnistria; Taiwan, see China, Republic of; Timor-Leste, see East Timor.
The status of various entities is disputed. See the content for the entities concerned.
The maps of former countries that are more or less continued by a present-day country or had a territory included in only one or two countries are included in the atlas of the present-day country. For example the Ottoman Empire can be found in the Atlas of Turkey.